Pengaruh Jumlah Tawas terhadap Hasil Pewarnaan Dylon pada Bulu Entok sebagai Aksesoris Headpiece

  Tawas adalah garam rangkap aluminium sulfat, yang dipakai untuk menjernihkan air atau campuran bahan celup. Tawas memiliki ciri kristal putih gelap, tembus cahaya, bersifat menguatkan warna. Zat tersebut digunakan sebagai mordan dalam penggunaan zat warna sintetis dylon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil jadi pewarnaan dylon dan adanya pengaruh jumlah tawas terhadap hasil pewarnaan pada bulu entok sebagai aksesoris headpiece. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah jumlah tawas seberat 5 gram/liter, 10 gram/liter dan 15 gram/liter. Variabel terikat pada penelitian ini adalah hasil pewarnaan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, yang diolah dengan metode analisis statistik anava tunggal dengan bantuan SPSS 21 dengan taraf signifikan α ≤ 0,05. Hasil analisis data menyatakan bahwa hasil pewarnaan dylon pada aspek kerataan warna  dan ketajaman warna dengan jumlah tawas 5 gram/liter dalam kategori tidak baik, jumlah tawas 10 gram/liter dalam kategori baik dan jumlah tawas 15 gram/liter dalam kategori sangat baik. Ada pengaruh jumlah tawas 5 gram/liter, 10 gram/liter, 15 gram/liter terhadap hasil pewarnaan dylon ditinjau dari aspek kerataan warna dengan signifikan α= 0,00 dan aspek ketajaman warna dengan signifikan α= 0,00. Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis data dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil jadi pewarnaan dylon pada bulu entok sebagai aksesoris headpiece dengan jumlah tawas 15 gram/liter sangat baik dan terdapat pengaruh jumlah tawas terhadap hasil pewarnaan dylon pada bulu entok sebagai aksesoris headpiece ditinjau dari aspek kerataan warna dan ketajaman warna.   Kata Kunci : jumlah tawas, pewarnaan, dylon, bulu entok, aksesoris headpiece. &nbsp

Pengaruh Jumlah Tawas Terhadap Hasil Pewarnaan Dylon Pada Bulu Entok Sebagai Aksesoris Headpiece

Abstrak   Tawas adalah garam rangkap aluminium sulfat, yang dipakai untuk menjernihkan air atau campuran bahan celup. Tawas memiliki ciri kristal putih gelap, tembus cahaya, bersifat menguatkan warna. Zat tersebut digunakan sebagai mordan dalam penggunaan zat warna sintetis dylon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil jadi pewarnaan dylon dan adanya pengaruh jumlah tawas terhadap hasil pewarnaan pada bulu entok sebagai aksesoris headpiece. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah jumlah tawas seberat 5 gram/liter, 10 gram/liter dan 15 gram/liter. Variabel terikat pada penelitian ini adalah hasil pewarnaan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, yang diolah dengan metode analisis statistik anava tunggal dengan bantuan SPSS 21 dengan taraf signifikan α ≤ 0,05. Hasil analisis data menyatakan bahwa hasil pewarnaan dylon pada aspek kerataan warna  dan ketajaman warna dengan jumlah tawas 5 gram/liter dalam kategori tidak baik, jumlah tawas 10 gram/liter dalam kategori baik dan jumlah tawas 15 gram/liter dalam kategori sangat baik. Ada pengaruh jumlah tawas 5 gram/liter, 10 gram/liter, 15 gram/liter terhadap hasil pewarnaan dylon ditinjau dari aspek kerataan warna dengan signifikan α= 0,00 dan aspek ketajaman warna dengan signifikan α= 0,00. Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis data dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil jadi pewarnaan dylon pada bulu entok sebagai aksesoris headpiece dengan jumlah tawas 15 gram/liter sangat baik dan terdapat pengaruh jumlah tawas terhadap hasil pewarnaan dylon pada bulu entok sebagai aksesoris headpiece ditinjau dari aspek kerataan warna dan ketajaman warna.   Kata Kunci : jumlah tawas, pewarnaan, dylon, bulu entok, aksesoris headpiece.   Abstract   Alum is double sulfate salts of aluminum sulfate used to clarify water or dye mixture. Alums has properties dark white crystal, transparent, strengthen color. These substances used as mordant in using of Dylon. The purpose of this research was to know result  of coloration dylon and the influence of alum quantity toward result of coloration on Entok Fur As Accessories Headpiece. Type of this research was experimental research. The independent variables in this research was of mordant, that was alum and quantity that were 5 grams/liter, 10 grams/liter, and 15 grams/liter. It dependents variable was result of coloration. Data collecting technique used was observation, analyzed with one way anava statistic using SPSS 21 program with significance α= 0.05. The result of data analysis that  result of coloration dylon  on flatness of color and sharpness of color by quantity of alum 5 grams/liter in category is not well, quantity of alum 10 gram/liter in category is good and quantity of alum 15 grams/liter in category is very good. There is influence of the quantity of alum 5 grams/liter, 10 grams/liter, 15 grams/liter that result of coloration dylon terms of aspects flatness with significant α= 0,00 and aspects sharpness with significant α= 0,00. Based on data analysis result and discussion could be concluded that result of coloration dylon  on feather Entok as accessories headpiece with quantity of alum 15 grams.liter is very good and there is effect on the quantity alum result of coloration dylon on feather Entok as accessories headpiece  in terms from flatness of color and sharpness of color.   Keyword : quantity of alum, coloration, dylon, feather entok, accessories headpiece

The breadth of primary care: a systematic literature review of its core dimensions

Background: Even though there is general agreement that primary care is the linchpin of effective health care delivery, to date no efforts have been made to systematically review the scientific evidence supporting this supposition. The aim of this study was to examine the breadth of primary care by identifying its core dimensions and to assess the evidence for their interrelations and their relevance to outcomes at (primary) health system level. Methods: A systematic review of the primary care literature was carried out, restricted to English language journals reporting original research or systematic reviews. Studies published between 2003 and July 2008 were searched in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, King's Fund Database, IDEAS Database, and EconLit. Results: Eighty-five studies were identified. This review was able to provide insight in the complexity of primary care as a multidimensional system, by identifying ten core dimensions that constitute a primary care system. The structure of a primary care system consists of three dimensions: 1. governance; 2. economic conditions; and 3. workforce development. The primary care process is determined by four dimensions: 4. access; 5. continuity of care; 6. coordination of care; and 7. comprehensiveness of care. The outcome of a primary care system includes three dimensions: 8. quality of care; 9. efficiency care; and 10. equity in health. There is a considerable evidence base showing that primary care contributes through its dimensions to overall health system performance and health. Conclusions: A primary care system can be defined and approached as a multidimensional system contributing to overall health system performance and health

Incentive payments are not related to expected health gain in the pay for performance scheme for UK primary care: cross-sectional analysis

Background: The General Medical Services primary care contract for the United Kingdom financially rewards performance in 19 clinical areas, through the Quality and Outcomes Framework. Little is known about how best to determine the size of financial incentives in pay for performance schemes. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that performance indicators with larger population health benefits receive larger financial incentives. Methods: We performed cross sectional analyses to quantify associations between the size of financial incentives and expected health gain in the 2004 and 2006 versions of the Quality and Outcomes Framework. We used non-parametric two-sided Spearman rank correlation tests. Health gain was measured in expected lives saved in one year and in quality adjusted life years. For each quality indicator in an average sized general practice we tested for associations first, between the marginal increase in payment and the health gain resulting from a one percent point improvement in performance and second, between total payment and the health gain at the performance threshold for maximum payment. Results: Evidence for lives saved or quality adjusted life years gained was found for 28 indicators accounting for 41% of the total incentive payments. No statistically significant associations were found between the expected health gain and incentive gained from a marginal 1% increase in performance in either the 2004 or 2006 version of the Quality and Outcomes Framework. In addition no associations were found between the size of financial payment for achievement of an indicator and the expected health gain at the performance threshold for maximum payment measured in lives saved or quality adjusted life years. Conclusions: In this subgroup of indicators the financial incentives were not aligned to maximise health gain. This disconnection between incentive and expected health gain risks supporting clinical activities that are only marginally effective, at the expense of more effective activities receiving lower incentives. When designing pay for performance programmes decisions about the size of the financial incentive attached to an indicator should be informed by information on the health gain to be expected from that indicator

Genome wide analysis of gene expression changes in skin from patients with type 2 diabetes

Non-healing chronic ulcers are a serious complication of diabetes and are a major healthcare problem. While a host of treatments have been explored to heal or prevent these ulcers from forming, these treatments have not been found to be consistently effective in clinical trials. An understanding of the changes in gene expression in the skin of diabetic patients may provide insight into the processes and mechanisms that precede the formation of non-healing ulcers. In this study, we investigated genome wide changes in gene expression in skin between patients with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic patients using next generation sequencing. We compared the gene expression in skin samples taken from 27 patients (13 with type 2 diabetes and 14 non-diabetic). This information may be useful in identifying the causal factors and potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetic related diseases

Assessing the Effectiveness of a Performance Evaluation System in the Public Health Care Sector: Some Novel Evidence from the Tuscany Region Experience

Since 80's the introduction of New Public Management principles has promoted the use of performance measurement to drive a more efficient, effective and accountable public sector. The adoption of a sophisticated and comprehensive multidimensional performance measurement system, which looks beyond traditional financial measures, based on organization strategies, such as the balanced scorecard, has thus been suggested. This revolution in the public management came together with the devolution processes that involved most European public health systems. Set within this context, in the last decade, each of the twenty Italian regions developed its own management tools. Among others, the Tuscan performance evaluation system (PES) has been valued as a particularly innovative and comprehensive system. This paper reports the novel experience of the Tuscan PES; in particular, it measures PES effectiveness and discusses the critical factors that could have led to the PES success. Five are the critical success factors identified by researchers: the visual reporting system, the linkage between PES and CEO's reward system, the public disclosure of data, the high level of employees and managers involvement into the entire process and the strong political commitment. All those factors run together to achieve better results; however, the process of development of the system plays a pivotal role. Scholars suggest the use of a constructive approach in order to gain effective changes in human organization. According to this stream of literature, this paper contributes by the novel experience of the Tuscan PES in addressing as a further fruitful application of the constructivist approach in healthcare

Like Mother(-in-Law) Like Daughter? Influence of the Older Generation’s Fertility Behaviours on Women’s Desired Family Size in Bihar, India

This paper investigates the associations between preferred family size of women in rural Bihar, India and the fertility behaviours of their mother and mother-in-law. Scheduled interviews of 440 pairs of married women aged 16–34 years and their mothers-in-law were conducted in 2011. Preferred family size is first measured by Coombs scale, allowing us to capture latent desired number of children and then categorized into three categories (low, medium and high). Women’s preferred family size is estimated using ordered logistic regression. We find that the family size preferences are not associated with mother’s fertility but with mother’s education. Mother-in-law’s desired number of grandchildren is positively associated with women’s preferred family size. However, when the woman has higher education than her mother-in-law, her preferred family size gets smaller, suggesting that education provides women with greater autonomy in their decision-making on childbearing

Behavioural and demographic predictors of adherence to three consecutive faecal occult blood test screening opportunities: a population study

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Background Social cognitive variables are often examined for their association with initial participation in colorectal cancer screening. Few studies have examined the association of these variables with adherence to multiple screening offers i.e., rescreening. This study aimed to describe patterns of participatory behaviour after three rounds of screening using faecal immunochemical tests (FIT) and to determine social cognitive, demographic and background variables predictive of variations in adherence. Methods Participants were 1,540 men and women aged 50 to 75 living in South Australia who completed a behavioural survey measuring demographic (for example, age, gender) and social cognitive variables relevant to FIT screening (for example, perceived barriers, benefits, self-efficacy). The survey was followed by three, free FIT screening offers mailed on an annual basis from 2008 to 2010. Patterns of participation after three screening rounds were described as one of five screening behaviours; 1) consistent re-participation (adherent with all screening rounds), 2) consistent refusal (adherent with no screening rounds), 3) drop out (adherent with earlier but not later rounds), 4) intermittent re-participation (adherent with alternate rounds) and 5) delayed entry (adherent with later but not initial round(s)). Univariate (Chi Square and Analysis of Variance) and multivariate (Generalised Estimating Equations) analyses were conducted to determine variables predictive of each category of non-adherence (those that did not participate in every screening offer, groups 2, 3, 4 and 5) relative to consistent re-participation. Results Significant social cognitive predictors of non-adherence were; less self-efficacy (drop out and consistent refusal), greater perceived barriers (drop out) and lower levels of response efficacy (consistent refusal). Demographic predictors of non-adherence included; male gender (delayed entry), younger age (intermittent, delayed and consistent refusal), less frequent GP visits (intermittent re-participation) and lack of adequate health insurance (drop out). Less satisfaction with screening at baseline predicted drop out, consistent refusal and delayed entry. Conclusions Different combinations of demographic and behavioural variables predicted different patterns of rescreening adherence. Rescreening interventions may benefit from a targeted approach that considers the different needs of the population subgroups. Satisfaction with past FOBT screening measured prior to the study screening offers was an important predictor of adherence

Phase-specific and lifetime costs of cancer care in Ontario, Canada

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major public health issue and represents a significant economic burden to health care systems worldwide. The objective of this analysis was to estimate phase-specific, 5-year and lifetime net costs for the 21 most prevalent cancer sites, and remaining tumour sites combined, in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: We selected all adult patients diagnosed with a primary cancer between 1997 and 2007, with valid ICD-O site and histology codes, and who survived 30 days or more after diagnosis, from the Ontario Cancer Registry (N = 394,092). Patients were linked to treatment data from Cancer Care Ontario and administrative health care databases at the Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences. Net costs (i.e., cost difference between patients and matched non-cancer control subjects) were estimated by phase of care and sex, and used to estimate 5-year and lifetime costs. RESULTS: Mean net costs of care (2009 CAD) were highest in the initial (6 months post-diagnosis) and terminal (12 months pre-death) phases, and lowest in the (3 months) pre-diagnosis and continuing phases of care. Phase-specific net costs were generally lowest for melanoma and highest for brain cancer. Mean 5-year net costs varied from less than $25,000 for melanoma, thyroid and testicular cancers to more than$60,000 for multiple myeloma and leukemia. Lifetime costs ranged from less than $55,000 for lung and liver cancers to over$110,000 for leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Costs of cancer care are substantial and vary by cancer site, phase of care and time horizon analyzed. These cost estimates are valuable to decision makers to understand the economic burden of cancer care and may be useful inputs to researchers undertaking cancer-related economic evaluations